The Navier–Stokes equations are also of great interest in a purely mathematical sense. Coupled with Maxwell's equations, they can be used to model and study magnetohydrodynamics. The Navier–Stokes equations, in their full and simplified forms, help with the design of aircraft and cars, the study of blood flow, the design of power stations, the analysis of pollution, and many other things. They may be used to model the weather, ocean currents, water flow in a pipe and air flow around a wing. The Navier–Stokes equations are useful because they describe the physics of many phenomena of scientific and engineering interest. As a result, the Navier–Stokes are a parabolic equation and therefore have better analytic properties, at the expense of having less mathematical structure (e.g. The difference between them and the closely related Euler equations is that Navier–Stokes equations take viscosity into account while the Euler equations model only inviscid flow. They arise from applying Isaac Newton's second law to fluid motion, together with the assumption that the stress in the fluid is the sum of a diffusing viscous term (proportional to the gradient of velocity) and a pressure term-hence describing viscous flow. They are sometimes accompanied by an equation of state relating pressure, temperature and density. The Navier–Stokes equations mathematically express momentum balance and conservation of mass for Newtonian fluids.

They were developed over several decades of progressively building the theories, from 1822 (Navier) to 1842-1850 (Stokes). The Navier–Stokes equations ( / n æ v ˈ j eɪ s t oʊ k s/ nav- YAY STOHKS) are partial differential equations which describe the motion of viscous fluid substances, named after French engineer and physicist Claude-Louis Navier and Anglo-Irish physicist and mathematician George Gabriel Stokes.

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